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处于危险中的财富—受到威胁的雨林
 雨林中受到破坏的农业,在秘鲁的Puerto Maldanado附近. (Photo by R. Butler)
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写 Rhett Butler. 翻译 Che Fei
07/12/2007
来自人类的威胁
如今造成热带雨林毁灭的主要原因是人类的活动,同自然的破坏不同,它是持续的而且非常彻底.尽管大多数的毁林是受国家和国际的经济影响,大多数的都没有长期的目的;只是由当地的物质生活条件决定的.由人类造成的许对雨林的破坏在我们生活的时间内都是不可恢复的.
人类在世界森林被破坏中起着相当大的作用.许多的行为都造成森林的损失,包括生存活动,石油泄漏,伐木,开矿,火灾,战争,经济型农业,大的养牛场,水电工程,污染,打猎,偷猎,为了燃料、建房和道路修建收集木材.根据现行做法,采掘业（木材,石油,矿产）造成的短期繁荣鼓舞他们签了长期的协议.这种繁荣和导致的协议吸引着更多的穷人去寻找更好的生活.他们清理周围的土地用作种植作物和饲养家畜.同时,森林的资源,不管是石油,木材还是矿藏,都很快被耗竭了却从未想过长期的后果.一旦资源被耗竭,工厂就搬到新的地区,留给当地居住者一个资源被耗竭以及环境恶化的生活地.这些居民唯一依靠的就是通过清理剩余的森林用作生存的农业.目前在雨林中实施的大量的开采业都是无法持续的.
同其他的环境财产一样,雨林现在处于危险的境地,因为它是一种开放式的资源或者说是一种公共的资源.(把雨林称作是开放式的资源是不准确的,因为在一些国家和地区的政府缺乏管理森林土地的能力,因此它真正的财产权利缺乏归属).作为开放的资源,没有哪一个组织对雨林资源拥有绝对的使用权,其实也就是每个人都有使用权.那里缺少一种为保护森林而设的鼓励机制,而是都怀有这样的心态"即时我不拿,也会被别人拿走的,"就这样,森林资源被这些企业和农场主耗尽了.另外,如果有些经济鼓励政策如补贴或者税收优惠,可以转变只通过砍伐来获利的拥有者的观念,并转变热带雨林.现在的结果是市场导致的,热带树木和产于森林的其它货物的价格并没有反映失去这些东西而损失的环境价值和生态系统所提供的服务.因此,同过这些刺激措施,政府可以有效的使这些公司转变那种通常无法获得利益的森林开发方式.
另一个对商业森林的破坏做出贡献的是欠有外债的发展中国家,这导致他们寻找能够快速增加税收来还债的方法.但是,另一个潜在的导致毁林的原因是人口的快速增加,在依靠森林土地为生存的发展中国家和需要从森林资源得到产物的发达国家都有这个现象.
我们人类为了我们自己的利益经常清理森林,但是在过去,毁林的进程由于地域的限制比较缓慢,一般也就是用作生存的农业.但是在如今人类运用先进的技术使得毁林效率更高了,而且只是为了获得眼前的利益.
复习题:
[打印版]
续: 生存活动
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