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人类定居者


刚果共和国北部地区用枝叶搭起的小屋. (Photo courtesy of "Tornasole")


写 Rhett Butler. 翻译 Che Fei 07/12/2007
雨林中的非洲民族 

现今非洲雨林已成了一些非常著名的部落民族的家乡, 比如在扎伊尔北部的伊图立森林的称为"俾格米人"的部落. 其中最高的木布提矮人很少有超过5英尺(1.5米)高的。除了木布提,还有其他三种主要的非洲雨林民族: 阿卡 (中非共和国和刚果北部),巴卡(喀麦隆南部)和塔瓦(扎伊尔河中部). 三个雨林民族总有约130,000到170,000的森林居民,他们广泛分布在森林里. 因此人口密度是很低的; 木布提人均占地不到1.5平方英里(4平方公里).


非洲雨林人们往往都是比那些来自大草原的人们看起来更小,这一点是很明显的,俾格米人就是一个最极端的例子。与身材高的民族来比,身材短小的他们的确能更有效在森林里走来走去. 另外,较轻的身体质量更有利于散热.

一般由大小不等的15-70个人组队生活在一起,具体的人数从很大程度上取决于外界因素: 打猎,交易,疾病和森林面积. 他们差不多都是游牧民族,每年都会有几次迁移到森林的新地方,迁移过程中他们将财产扛在背上. 这种游牧的生活方式对雨林环境带来很少的破坏,因为没必要去过度开发森林,也不需要利用太多的森林资源.

当建立殖民地后,他们会砍掉下层丛林、小树及小树苗,而冠层树木没有被破坏. 俾格米人在冠层的保护下免受了强光的照射,并且更好的收获蜂蜜等东西。他们离开时,冠层完好无损,这片地区又恢复到半个原始森林的程度. 他们的小屋看上去就象一个小圆顶建筑,它有个穹顶格子,这个穹顶格子是由小树和充满鹅卵石的树叶制作而成的.

大部分的非洲雨林人们大多数时间都呆在村庄附近,在这里他们进行交易,比如将肉和蜂蜜来换取树薯、农产品及其他物品.每个雨林家族几乎总是和它选择的村庄家族进行交易,而且一旦决定了,以后就专门与其进行交易.有时,雨林家族与村庄家族之间的关系能传递未来几代. 如果选择了,雨林人们就可以住在村庄,而不用回到雨林的那种很少有疾病、有清洁水、轻松的工作、更多选择、很少的不确定性、不需要钱及没有多少争吵的较好生活.研究显示非洲雨林人们的身体健康状况及饮食摄入量要比亚撒哈拉非洲地区的人们更好.

雨林人的日常生活可能要比村民的生活简单. 妇女经常背着篮子采集东西,男子就专注打猎和采集蜂蜜; 或许木不提和其他森林人们辛苦寻找的林产品最为珍贵. 木不提人得爬100英尺(30米)多高才能够到冠层中的蜂窝. 到了蜂巢,他们就会烧材造烟,把蜜蜂弄晕后,他们就侵占蜂房而采集到蜂蜜.

非洲森林民族都是优秀的猎手,每个组队都有着自己特有的打猎方法.例如, Efe人几乎专门用弓箭猎杀猎物(45多种动物). 其他的组队既用弓箭也会用网捕猎. 在他们当中,尽管男人们负责猎杀树栖动物的大部分工作,但女人在地表动物的捕获过程中也起着重要的作用. 男人们把网弄成半圆形并形成有1千米长的“网墙”. 女人们将猎物吓进网内,而后男人们用矛将他们杀死.

从传统上说,雨林人们对他们捕杀的动物还是很尊重的,他们不会滥杀动物. 虽然如此,在过去的几年里,为了满足村庄增加人口的日益增长的需求,各种交易也更加频繁,已不再是那种仅仅能维持生活的水平了. 象牙偷猎者也会雇佣他们作为追踪者去追捕濒临灭绝的大象,这种大象的象牙比稀树大草原的那些要珍贵多了.

今天的非洲森林民族

如果他们的家园被破坏或者官方政府出台政策要结束他们的森林传统,仅有很少的雨林人会被吓得不知所措(与亚撒哈拉地区人们成比例). 中非政府并未承认非洲森林民族合法拥有的土地的权利.在20世纪80年代和90年代的前半时期, 根据联合国粮农组织的调查,在世界上的森林地带,非洲森林损失的比例最高(10.5%),导致非洲民族数量的进一步下降.由于人口压力及民族间贸易合作往来的需要,村庄不断扩张,结果大片森林被砍伐.伐木搬运业尤其问题多多,因为这样造成殖民速度加快. 伐木工蓬不仅带来不必要的殖民地居民,也给对外界疾病缺乏免疫的森林人们带来了疾病,如疟疾.另外,樵夫通常不会拿树薯和农产品与森林人们交易,但相反他们用它们来换取金钱、烟草和大麻.对于俾格米人,伐木者的偷猎及他们机器和锯工作时发出的噪音等现象已变的越来越少了.

近来发生的国内战争和大批的难民离开东扎伊尔给森林土著民族带来了不可知影响. 数千流亡者涌进雨林. 这些流亡者和当地土著人之间交流的程度在笔者写这篇文章时仍是未知的, 但有报道在一些地方,俾格米人已经很难得到足够的肉生活了.

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复习题:
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续: 生活在亚洲森林中的人们 




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Google
  Web
mongabay.com
fish.mongabay.com
rainforests.mongabay.com
news.mongabay.com
travel.mongabay.com

RAINFOREST INFORMATION

 Preface
 World Rainforests
 Rainforest Structure
 Rainforest Biodiversity
 Canopy
 Forest Floor
 Rainforest Waters
 Indigenous People
 Deforestation
 Global Importance
 Rainforest Conservation

 Country Reports
 References
 Deforestation Tables
 The Amazon Rainforest
 The Congo Rainforest
 Deforestation in Brazil
 Rainforest Images
 Rainforest Books
 Links
 Site Map
 Other languages


FOR KIDS

 About rainforests
 Rainforest animals
 Rainforest people
 In the rainforest

 Why are rainforests important?
 Why are rainforests disappearing?
 How can we save rainforests?
 Teaching resources


TROPICAL FISH

 Preface
 Introduction
 Fish Anatomy
 Water Chemistry
 The Aquarium
 Plant Care
 Plant Species
 Food
 Disease
 Non-fish Species
 Breeding
 Bibliography
 Links

 Biotope Aquaria
 Species by Ecosystem
 Species by Country
 Fish Species | Families
 Catfish
 Characins
 Cichlids
 Cyprinds
 Killifish
 Labyrinth Fish
 Livebearers
 Loaches
 Others
 Perches
 Rainbowfish
DATA

Data aggregations found on mongabay.com



XML / RSS / Syndication options

There are three XML feeds for mongabay.com



MONGABAY.COM
Mongabay.com seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wildlands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging local and global trends in technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development >>


CONTENTS
Rainforests
Tropical Fish
Madagascar
Pictures
Kids' Site
News
About
Contact
Submissions
Contribute
Interview
Copyright


SUPPORT
You can help support mongabay.com by becoming a contributor to keep this site up and running. Thank you for your continued interest in the site.


Help support mongabay.com! Use the link below to buy from Amazon.com!

In Association with Amazon.com


SEARCH


LINKS
Rainforest Portal
Forests.org
FAO Forestry



Copyright Rhett A. Butler / mongabay.com 2006
All rights reserved.


第一页  |   教育  |   热带森林  |   摄影  |   新闻  |   语文  |   英语  |   关于这个网站  |   帮助  |   接触

Copyright Rhett Butler 2007