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危险的房地产—雨林的威胁
 秘鲁雨林里农民的房子. (Photo by R. Butler)
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写 Rhett Butler. 翻译 Che Fei
07/12/2007
经济的重建
近几年随着经济的全球化,给全世界的国家都带来了深刻的变化.一般而言,政府对普通老百姓的权利和作用都有下降的趋势.在发展中国家,这种变化使森林资源非常危险,因为它们都习惯的被认为是国家财产.不管是选用市场经济还是计划经济,管理森林者都必须对国家森林负责.森林探险公司由这些政府机构来分配,他们通常管理国家森林土地的分配.
如今许多发展中国家的政府下放了他们对部分森林的控制,使这些森林被一些企业私有化了.这些国家的森林服务预算都被减少了,管理机构也转给了当地政府,私人企业,一些机构和非政府组织.这种转移使决策时更能接近实际情况,但是同时政府也放弃了对森林探险的管理.缺少了政府的监督意味着私人企业更加自由而且能最大效率的工作甚至是通过偷工减料,但看起来还是像政府的环境立法政策的.这种例子可以在Guyana, Suriname, Papua New Guinea, Belize, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Solomon Islands等的原材料妥协中发现.当地的决策和法律实施使公司向当地政府贿赂更加方便了.
另外私有土地的分权使购买者和传统的,可灵活使用土地的土著及当地人民有了冲突.紧张的态势有时候会导致暴力和战争.
即使有些消极的影响,政府的分权并非全是坏处,他对保持国内经济活力有重要的作用.事实上,政府的分权会给政府机构维护雨林带来巨大的利益.但是,分权的进程意味着在生态系统,私人企业,当地居民,土著还有政府等的需求之间必须形成妥协.由全球化引起的经济重建或多或少的导致了在雨林岛屿上增加了对外国公司的妥协.最大的妥协体现在石油,木材和矿产资源方面.
复习题:
[打印版]
续: 石油的输出
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